Background: Smoking is a major public health challenge. In addition, it cause economic damage due to lost productivity and increased health care costs. In this article, challenges and suggestions for controlling this health and social problem are presented. Methods: National and international referrences were used to prepare this article. Results: The World Health Organization led the development of the Framework Convention on Tobacco control, the first global health treaty to strengthen efforts in order to reduce using Tobacco among signatory members. The organization introduced the MPOWER package, which contain six evidence-based control measures to help countries implement Tobacco control policies, . Worldwide, reducing smoking can be achieved by doubling the adjusted inflation prices or tripling the indirect Tobacco tax. Other interventions recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco control and the MPOWER six-point initiative can also help reduce Tobacco consumption. The world has changed dramatically since the last reported of WHO on the global Tobacco epidemic in 2019. Conclusion: Several items can help Tobacco controling program such as increase Tobacco tax, supply and access to smoking cessation treatments, increase health warnings in Tobacco packaging, increase the accuracy of Tobacco epidemiological data and reduce exposure to second-hand smoke.

Background: Smokeless Tobacco (SLT) prevalence was decreasing in Kentucky before 2007, but has since increased. This study examines the impact of policies on cigarette and SLT use by applying the SimSmoke Tobacco control policy simulation model. Methods: Using data from the large-scale Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) and information on state-specific Tobacco policies, Kentucky SimSmoke is updated and extended to incorporate exclusive SLT and dual cigarette and SLT use. The model is validated using survey data through 2017. The model was used to estimate the impact on smoking and SLT prevalence and attributable deaths of policies implemented between 1993 and 2018 and the impact of stronger future policies implemented in 2018 and maintained through 2060. Results: SimSmoke generally reflects trends in exclusive cigarette use from the TUS-CPS and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), but underestimated the increase in SLT prevalence in recent years. SimSmoke projects that policies implemented between 1993 and 2018 reduced male and female cigarette use by 23. 7% and 23. 0%, and male and female SLT use by 4. 9% by 2018, averting 9018 Tobacco-attributable deaths by 2018, increasing to 89 547 by 2060. The largest reductions in cigarette and SLT use were attributed to cigarette price increases. Strengthening Tobacco control policies could reduce smoking prevalence by 41% and 40%, and reduce SLT prevalence by 33% and 25% for males and females by 2060. Conclusion: Our results suggest that cigarette-oriented policies were effective in reducing SLT use but have been less successful in recent years. Future use rates can be further reduced through more restrictive statewide policies, which also target non-combustible nicotine products.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the status of cigarette marketing in Iran as well as the attitude of smokers toward smoking and the policies and Tobacco control programs in the country. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 3480 volunteer smokers in six provinces, using a stratified cluster random sampling method. The study population consisted of smokers who used at least one cigarette per day. The data collection tool was an anonymous self-administered questionnaire including basic information and 20 five-choice questions related to participants' attitude toward smoking habits (Cronbach's alpha; 79. 73%. ). RESULTS: The majority (66. 9%) of participants started smoking at the age of 10 to 19 years and 61. 1% used foreign cigarettes. Of 160 marketed brands, 38 (23. 8%) were domestic and 122 (76. 2%) were foreign, including 63 (39. 3%) imported and 59 (36. 9%) smuggled brands. Being tempted (25. 0%), getting nervous (24. 1%), and seeking euphoria (24. 1%) were the most common reasons for restarting cigarette smoking after cessation. The majority of participants believed that smoking in public places was a violation of the rights of others and smoking should be avoided in such places. CONCLUSION: Smoking prevention programs should focus on adolescents as the most vulnerable age group. Raising the retail price of Tobacco products through increasing taxes can reduce consumption, particularly among first starters and youth. However, increasing taxes and prices of Tobacco products may be effective when simultaneous effective measures are implemented to eliminate all kinds of illicit trade in all forms of Tobacco products.

Dentists and oral healthcare providers have a unique opportunity to motivate and help their patients to stop using different types of Tobacco.There are many evidences that they can have a principle rule in prevention and treatment of many Tobacco related oral and systemic diseases and repeated nature of dental services and relatively prolonged chair time provide multiple chances for informing, advancing and assisting patients in Tobacco Cessation. On the other hand, it seams that they lack enough education in this area, leading to not adhering to this professional practice. This review provides a comprehensive discussion about the new published approaches for dentists' intervention in Tobacco cessation programs.

Background: Sri Lanka became a signatory to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco control in September 2003 and ratified in November 2003. Aiming to reduce Tobacco burden in Sri Lanka, National Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol Act [NATA] No.27 was authorized in 2006. The objective of this study was to assess the behavioral changes related to Tobacco use among adolescents and young adults following the exposure to Tobacco control measures implemented by NATA.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from October 2011 to November 2011 among adolescent (13-19 years) and young adult (20-39 years) males in Anuradhapura divisional secretary area in Sri Lanka. A self-administered questionnaire and focus group discussions were used for data collection. Confounding factors were controlled by stratification and randomization.Results: A total of 456 male respondents including 168 (37%) adolescents and 288 (63%) young adults participated in the study. Among the ever smokers 66 (14 %) had already quitted smoking while 151 (33%) were current smokers. The majority of the respondents (95.4% of quitters and 88.0% of current smokers) were acquainted with the dangers of smoking through the mass media. Among the current smokers and quitters, the knowledge on health risks of smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke was quite satisfactory. The current smokers as well as the quitters were well aware of the Tobacco control measures. Smokers as well as the non-smokers and quitters supported these measures.Conclusion: Tobacco control measures implemented by NATA had a favorable influence on reducing Tobacco burden among adolescents and young adults in Sri Lanka.

A common method for controlling a group of parallel converters in decentralized control strategy structure in an island microgrid, the use is the droop-down characteristics of frequency ω-P and voltage E-Q. However, the problem with using this method is that the reactive power is not properly distributed (in proportion to the capacity of the micronutrients) between the micronutrients, which may lead to overload in the converters. Microgrids may also suffer from dynamic stability problems such as power fluctuations, which can be increased by switching between active and reactive power control. To avoid this problem, the X / R ratio of transmission lines is an important parameter that should be carefully considered in the design of micronutrient controllers. By linearizing and simplifying conditions, the control system conversion function model becomes a single input-single output system, which is efficient enough to show the relationship between control parameters such as slope of droop characteristics and derivative sentences, virtual impedance, and voltage controllers. Using this model, stability conditions for different parameters are analyzed. Also, to improve power distribution stability, common droop strategies are modified by adjusting the slope as well as adding nonlinear sentence sections. This approach reduces the coupling between active and reactive power control and reduces the dependence of power distribution on grid parameters such as the X / R ratio. To evaluate the reliability of the proposed model, the simulation results in a sample island microgrid in MATLAB software are presented.

This study was initiated to assess the effectiveness of designating smoking rooms to control environmental Tobacco smoke in nursing homes. Of the 39 nursing homes located in Toledo (a city in Ohio, USA) included in the preliminary survey, 33 facilities (85%) allowed smoking, 14 facilities (36%) allowed indoor smoking, and 13 facilities (33%) provided a designated smoking area. Three of these 13 nursing homes with similar levels of care agreed to participate in study that was more comprehensive. The levels of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide (CO2), respirable suspended particulate matter, nicotine, and solanesol were monitored at three locations within three nursing homes: a designated smoking room with an independent ventilation system, the adjacent hallway and outside the building. The concentrations of air contaminants, except CO2, inside the designated smoking rooms were significantly higher than those in the hallways or outside. The concentration of CO2 was similar in the smoking rooms and the hallways but significantly higher than the concentration outside. The levels of ambient air temperature or relative humidity within the three locations were not generally different. The results indicated that the designation of a smoking room with an independent ventilation system was effective in controlling the environmental Tobacco smoke in these nursing homes.